Introduction
Moulvibazar, a district in northeastern Bangladesh, is not just a geographical entity, but a living testament to a rich history that has shaped its present. Its natural splendor and cultural diversity are not mere attributes, but reflections of a past that has been steeped in the ebb and flow of time. The district, a component of the Sylhet Division, is renowned for its mountainous landscapes, lush tea plantations, and diverse communities that have inhabited the region for ages. The district’s history mirrors South Asia and Bengal’s extensive social, political, and economic developments over millennia, a history that is not just a distant memory, but a living reality.
Ancient and Medieval Periods
Moulvibazar’s history dates to ancient times. Historical recognition acknowledges the area’s ties to ancient civilisations in India and Southeast Asia, making it integral to the broader Sylhet region. During the ancient era, archaeological excavations evidence the area’s population and interactions with neighbouring regions, such as Assam, Tripura, and the Bengal Delta.
The likelihood that Buddhist and Hindu monarchs, who governed a considerable expanse of Bengal during this era, influenced this region is quite substantial.
During the 13th century, Sylhet underwent a significant cultural transformation, encompassing the area now known as Moulvibazar. This transformation was not a mere shift in customs and traditions, but a profound change in the fabric of society, largely due to the impact of Sufi missionaries. These missionaries, with their unwavering faith and tireless efforts, played a pivotal role in disseminating Islam, leaving an indelible mark on the region.
In this context, Hazrat Shah Jalal, a highly esteemed Sufi saint pivotal to the dissemination of Islam in the area, stands out as one of the most influential figures in the region. Due to their extensive travels, his students could influence the areas adjacent to Sylhet, especially Moulvibazar.
The Mughal Period
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the region gradually integrated into the Mughal administrative framework.
Moulvibazar, part of the broader Sylhet region, was not just a cultural and geographical entity but a hub of prosperity and economic activity. Renowned for its strategic and commercial importance in the surrounding area, the district’s local zamindars, or landowners, were instrumental in tax collection and maintaining order during the Mughal consolidation of power in the region. Agriculture, especially rice cultivation and betel leaf production, was not just a means of sustenance but the principal contributor to the local economy. Furthermore, commerce with Assam and other areas was not just trade but a flourishing economic activity that added to the district’s prosperity.
British Colonial Period
The establishment of the British East India Company in Moulvibazar during the 18th century signified the onset of a notable transformative era in the city’s history. After the British triumph at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which led to the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal, the British systematically consolidated their control over Bengal, encompassing the cities of Sylhet and Moulvibazar.
The British colonial authorities introduced tea cultivation in the Sylhet region in the 19th century, including Moulvibazar, one of Bengal’s most significant tea cultivation areas.
The establishment of tea plantations led to the migration of labourers from various regions of India, such as Bihar, Odisha, and South India. This, in turn, enhanced the area’s cultural diversity by attracting new populations. The flood of workers has significantly impacted the demographics and cultural landscape of Moulvibazar, and this influence will persist.
During British control, the Bengal Renaissance profoundly influenced many newly educated elites in Moulvibazar. A significant contingent of individuals in Moulvibazar actively engaged in anti-colonial actions, akin to the inhabitants of other districts in Bengal. The region significantly contributed to the Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement, which were integral to the broader Indian struggle for independence.
Post-Partition and Liberation War
Following the partition of British India in 1947, Moulvibazar became part of East Pakistan. Shortly before the partition, the Sylhet referendum, which took place shortly before the partition, officially made the Sylhet region, including Moulvibazar, part of Pakistan instead of India. In the years following the partition, Moulvibazar experienced significant political and social changes as it adjusted to its new role within the eastern segment of the nation.
Moulvibazar played a significant role in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The district emerged as a pivotal hub of opposition to Pakistan’s military forces, with a considerable segment of the local populace aligning themselves with the Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army) to advocate for political autonomy. The region experienced numerous notable conflicts, and the district bore witness to a multitude of courageous deeds and altruistic sacrifices. Today, Moulvibazar boasts a multitude of memorials and monuments that pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives during the Liberation War.
Post-Independence Period
Following Bangladesh’s attainment of independence in 1971, Moulvibazar, like numerous regions within the nation, encountered the formidable tasks of reconstruction and advancement. The district has experienced notable advancements in education, healthcare, and infrastructure throughout the decades. The tea industry, a remnant of colonial history, remains pivotal to the local economy, with Moulvibazar renowned for producing some of the finest tea in Bangladesh.
In recent decades, the district has garnered recognition for its natural attractions, appealing to domestic and international tourists. Recognised for its rich biodiversity, Lawachara National Park is one of the nation’s most renowned natural reserves and attracts numerous visitors.
Cultural Heritage
The inhabitants of Moulvibazar represent a rich tapestry of diverse cultural backgrounds. The group comprises Bengalis, tea garden workers from diverse ethnic backgrounds, and Indigenous communities such as the Khasia and the Manipuri. The community is renowned for its profound cultural heritage, which encompasses religious observances, traditional music, and dance forms. The Manipuri minority has successfully preserved its rich dance traditions, garnering widespread recognition throughout Bangladesh.
While Islam predominates in Moulvibazar, the region also hosts significant populations of Hindus, Christians, and indigenous communities, each with its rich religious traditions. The presence of a diverse array of religious and ethnic groups has fostered a unique cultural milieu wherein various traditions coexist and enhance one another in a mutually enriching manner.
Renowned People from Maulvibazar
Maulvibazar has produced several prominent figures who have contributed to politics, education, and cultural development in Bangladesh and abroad.
Political Leaders & Public Servants
- Saifur Rahman – A distinguished economist and politician, he served as Bangladesh’s longest-serving Finance Minister, delivering 12 national budgets across different terms.
- Abdul Jabbar – An Awami League politician and activist, he was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad representing the now-defunct Sylhet-13 constituency. He was posthumously awarded the Ekushey Padak in 2020 for his contributions to the Bengali Language Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War.
- Muhammad Sirajul Islam – A member of the Bangladesh Awami League, he was elected to parliament from Sylhet-12 (present Maulvibazar-1) in 1973 and 1979. He was also an organizer of the Liberation War of Bangladesh.
- Syed Mohsin Ali – Former Minister of Social Welfare and a prominent figure in the Awami League, he served as a Member of Parliament for Moulvibazar-3.
- Abdus Shahid – A veteran politician, he served as the Chief Whip of the Parliament and has been actively involved in the development of Moulvibazar district.
Scholars, Writers & Academics
- Syed Mujtaba Ali – A renowned writer, scholar, and linguist, he is celebrated for his literary contributions in Bengali literature.
- Dwijen Sharma – A botanist, environmentalist, and science writer, he was known for his efforts in environmental education and conservation.
- Rangalal Sen – Recognized as a National Professor of Bangladesh, he made significant contributions to academia and research.
- Mohammad Ataul Karim – Serving as the provost and executive vice chancellor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, he has been influential in the field of higher education.
Tourist Attractions
Maulvibazar is known for its enchanting landscapes and unique tourist destinations, making it a popular choice for travellers seeking natural beauty and cultural experiences.
- Lawachara National Park
One of the largest national parks in Bangladesh, Lawachara is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including the critically endangered hoolock gibbon. The dense, tropical rainforest is ideal for eco-tourism and nature walks, where visitors can experience the tranquillity of nature up close. - Srimangal
Often called the “Tea Capital of Bangladesh,” Srimangal is a small town in Maulvibazar surrounded by lush tea estates. Visitors can tour the tea gardens, learn about the tea production process, and enjoy the serene environment. The rolling hills of Srimangal are also ideal for hiking and birdwatching. - Madhabkunda Waterfall
This is the largest waterfall in Bangladesh and a major tourist attraction in Maulvibazar. Nestled in the hills, the waterfall is a breathtaking sight, especially during the monsoon season when the water flow is at its peak. Visitors can also enjoy picnicking and trekking in the surrounding areas. - Ham Ham Waterfall
A lesser known but equally beautiful waterfall in the Rajkandi Reserve Forest, Ham Ham offers an adventurous trek through dense forests, streams, and hills, making it a popular spot for adventure seekers and nature lovers. - Manipuri Rajbari
A heritage site that reflects the presence of the Manipuri ethnic community in Maulvibazar, this palace offers insight into the historical and cultural legacy of the region. The Manipuri people, known for their dance, weaving, and martial arts, have added a unique flavour to the local culture.
Traditional Dishes
The cuisine of Maulvibazar is an important part of its cultural identity, with local dishes reflecting the influences of Sylheti, Bengali, and indigenous communities.
- Seven-Layered Tea
A signature drink from Srimangal, the seven-layered tea is made by carefully layering tea with different Flavors and colours. Each layer has a distinct taste, from sweet to bitter, making it a favourite among both locals and tourists. - Shatkora Curry
Shatkora, a citrus fruit unique to the Sylhet region, is often used in curries, particularly with beef or fish. Its sharp, tangy flavour sets it apart from other Bengali dishes and is a must-try for anyone visiting Maulvibazar. - Pitha
Traditional rice cakes, or pithas, are a significant part of the local cuisine, especially during the winter months and during festivals. Varieties like bhapa pitha (steamed rice cakes) and patishapta (thin crepes filled with sweet coconut or molasses) are especially popular. - Sylheti Shutki Bhuna
Fermented or dried fish, known as shutki, is a staple in Sylheti households. In Maulvibazar, it is often cooked in a spicy bhuna (stir-fried) style with chili, onions, and garlic, creating a bold and flavourful dish. - Chunga Pitha
This is a unique delicacy made by cooking sticky rice inside bamboo over a fire. The method, popular among indigenous communities in the region, gives the rice a smoky flavour and distinct texture, making it a special treat during festivals and family gatherings.
Conclusion
Moulvibazar’s history reflects the broader history of the Sylhet region and Bengal, marked by cultural diversity, economic change, and political struggle. From its ancient roots through colonial rule to its role in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Moulvibazar has played an important role in the history of the region. Today, it stands as a vibrant and diverse district, with a unique heritage shaped by centuries of history.